Phosphatidylserine
A structural building block of the membranes neurons use to communicate.
Mechanism
Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid — a fat molecule that's a structural component of every cell membrane in the body, including neuronal membranes in the brain. Because it's part of the physical structure neurons use to signal each other, it's studied for supporting membrane fluidity relevant to how efficiently that signaling happens.
What the evidence shows
Research on phosphatidylserine for age-related memory is modest rather than strong. It's mechanistically well understood, but the effect size found in human trials tends to be smaller than for Bacopa or Ginkgo — a supporting ingredient rather than a headline one.
Safety notes
Phosphatidylserine is generally well tolerated at supplement-level doses. As with any ingredient in this formula, check with a doctor first if you're pregnant, nursing, or taking medication.